A Kodachrome Christmas in 2010 ?

Kodachrome-lovers... here's the latest news. Kodak has finally ceased manufacture of Kodachrome 64 slide film. That marks the end of the 74 year dynasty that, as I think I said in my earlier post, produced some of the world's greatest colour images.

That last production-run will be bought up fast, so don't delay if you want to have a final fling. Steve McCurry will be using one of the last rolls, and donating it to their museum, I understand. See www.kodak.com for some of his stunning photos and in-depth view, as well as those of many others in mourning... quite moving stuff.

In their defence, Kodak say that Kodachrome sales are a tiny fraction of their turnover. But then, these past 20 years, they haven't exactly advertised the stuff have they ?

The good news is that Dwaynes in the US are to carry on processing all types of Kodachrome until the end of next year. So you just might be able to cover Christmas 2010 on Kodachrome ! A happy thought.

Henri Barges In

This picture bothers me. Cartier-Bresson's "Bargeman on the Seine River", taken as usual with his 35mm Leica. I'm looking at page 11 of "Great Themes" in that excellent Time-Life series on photography, badly shown here for obvious reasons. You've bound to have seen it in many other publications too.

For me this image is absolutely extraordinary. The bargeman, not far from Henri's 50mm lens, is out-of-focus, yet he occupies a big chunk of the frame. Not at the side as maybe other photographers would have done, but bang in the centre. In contrast, the bargeman's World we see sharply on all sides. We have the wonderful diagonals and shapes of the roof, the mother's foot, the dog's ear and the soft-focus elbow. It's such a dynamic image, our eyes constantly moving about... the cherub, the dog in mid-wag, and so on.

How could anyone have grabbed such a whimsical picture ? Surely, the family would have shown at least some interest in a wandering man with a camera. After all, not too many folks carried cameras in 1957. But their attention is on the baby, the bargeman. Even the nearby wagging dog isn't interested in Henri. Just maybe the other dog is.

So how on earth did Henri make this image before the whole pattern collapsed. Maybe he just saw it with his eyes, instantly raised the camera and clicked. But then he would have risked a parallax problem caused by the close figure, and omitting vital details. Surely he had to spend at least a moment or two composing... didn't he ? !

Kodachrome... Alive or Dead ?

Is Kodachrome still available ? Can it still be processed ? There seems to be a great deal of confusion around.

Kodachrome is of course that legendary colour transparency film that first appeared in 1935. Amazingly, it was invented by two musicians who also enjoyed dabbling in chemistry, and their names were Godowsky and Mannes. The saying goes: "Kodachrome was made by God and Man !" What they came up with led to some of the greatest colour photos of the 20th century. In the dentist's waiting room, many a tooth-ache must have been calmed gazing at those images in the National Geographic mag.

Firstly Kodachrome was manufactured in 16mm movie, then came 8mm, 35mm and other formats. Also 120, which I regret not using. After initial teething problems, Kodachrome was recognised as THE most stable colour film. Archivally stored, the images should last hundreds of years.

Kodachrome is also a very sharp film with accurate colour rendering. It is difficult to describe in words the sort of 'naturalness' and clarity typical of a Kodachrome. But it's market share declined when Fuji introduced their own high resolution films, which had the advantage of easy E6 processing. Kodachrome's process is highly complicated, having to add the colour dye couplers. Over the years, processing labs declined in number. Kodak has now closed its remaining plant at Lausanne, Switzerland. And their decision-makers (who probably never used Kodachrome themselves) have ceased manufacture of arguably the world's greatest colour film.

A bleak picture ? Yes and no. Kodachrome continues to be processed by the independent Dwayne's Photo of Kansas USA. They offer a top quality service, and also sell Kodachrome 64 slide film. And until very recently you could buy 35mm Kodachrome here in the UK from Boots the chemists of all places... maybe worth asking them if any tucked away. Super-8 Kodachrome Movie film is still obtainable from Dwaynes, and also from Wittner of Germany where it is packed under their own label. They will also forward your super-8 film to Dwayne's if desired. Whereas film used to be process-paid, you now have to cough up extra, but it's probably worth it. On the other hand, I understand 35mm slide film continues to be processed without charge if you send it to the Kodak Lausanne address. (They then forward to Dwayne's.)

You can find secondhand film on Ebay etc. It's condition will depend on how it was stored, but generally Kodachrome should be OK for several years after the best-before date. Maybe because, unlike other colour films, it's inherently more like a black-and-white film ?

My advice is: if you have any Kodachrome hanging around in your still or movie camera, get it processed fairly soon. And if you want a final fling buy some while you still have the chance !

Visit:
www.dwaynesphoto.com
www.wittner-cinetec.com

Saving the Palace in photographs

Many of us in Bridport have fond memories of the Electric Palace Cinema which has been here since the 1920s.... with decor typical of that era.
Gone are the days when queues would form along the street. During the past 20 years, various folk have tried hard to keep it going against the odds. One 60-something chap I remember appeared to run the cinema single-handedly, manning the ticket kiosk, selling sweets, running the projector, and when the curtain motor broke down we (audience of 6) watched him jerkily winding it back by hand! That deserved a clap. The building was always icy cold in winter, which didn't quite help if you were watching say 'Lawrence of Arabia'. Sadly, the Palace was forced to close some years ago due to structural problems. I think the last film I saw there was 'Independence Day'(!)

After the closure things looked really bleak for Bridport cinema-goers. Once the town even had a second cinema called the Lyric that ceased many years ago, before my time. However, fairly recently someone had another go with the Palace, and it eventually reopened. It's now as lively as ever. New films most weeks including the odd World Premiere believe it or not.... 'The Young Victoria' no less. It took alot of hard work by dedicated people to get our cinema going again.

Local photographer Sammy Izri made a record of the restoration. You can see a few of his Rolleiflex photos at www.myspace.com/sammyizri
They show telling details of this cinema waiting to be saved. However, to absorb the atmosphere you really need to see his prints, which are currently on display at Bridport Community Hospital. The hospital is to the north of Allington Hill (stunning views from the top). Enter the A&E door and then along the corridor. Not the most inviting venue perhaps, unless you've just sprained an ankle up Allington Hill, but I promise you won't be disappointed.


More up-to-date info on the Palace at www.electricpalace.org.uk

Afghan Star

Last Wednesday I went to see the Premiere of "Afghan Star" at Bridport's Electric Palace Cinema. The film-maker Havana Marking was there also. She has made a remarkable documentary about a pop-idol TV programme that goes out in Afghanistan. You may have heard about it on the news. Around 2000 enter the singing competition, and 3 of them are women. Even though the Taliban are not in power, this is a very risky thing to do, and the women can receive death threats. It's an inspiring film though, showing the ordinary Afghans going about their lives, and their various attitudes to this rather modern TV show. Do see it if you can. It won awards at the Sundance festival. I understand it's now being shown at a London cinema, and later to go on Channel 4.

One of the women singers came from Herat, another hailed from Kandahar, two towns I remember well from the seventies. Here's one or two 35mm slides of Kandahar....taken with my old Kodak Retinette on Kodachrome II.

Mumbai film nearly ready....

I just thought I'd let you know, 18 year old Rob's documentary film on Mumbai is in its final stages. I find the city kids' chatter really interesting, and for some of this he has added subtitles. A friend is composing an original score.
I can't wait to see the finished film.
I'll keep you posted...

Shopping for an 8mm Pocket Bolex

Around 50 years ago, yes 50, Bolex sold their beautiful range of 'pocket' cine cameras. The B8, C8, D8... and then the design got rather less pocket-sized when they started adding reflex-zoom lenses. You still see these classics for sale. In their day, they gave excellent results with standard 8mm film. Like my beloved Bolex B8 (try saying that fast) that I told you about last time. But can you expect the same today ?

Standard-8 film (or Regular 8mm as it's also called) is still available, in colour and black and white.... see below. Even the great new Ektachrome 100D emulsion. If you are shooting with digital as the end product, it makes alot of sense to use standard-8 film. It can be scanned just the same as super-8. And as film has improved, potentially the results may be better than in the old days.

How Versatile ?
Many of the Bolex's have a wide choice of filming speeds, more, usually than super-8 cameras. And the Bolex lenses are legendary. And interchangeable, so lots of different kinds available. Arguably, with the precision gate you might get better results than super-8, even if the image area is smaller. Loading the Bolex is child's play, though not as quick obviously as a super-8 camera. Mustn't forget also to turn the film over halfway for the second run. Using a non-reflex camera for close-ups can be hit-and-miss, so Bolex offered a neat little set of prisms that correct the viewfinder parallax. You can also get the Som Berthiot Pan-Cinor zoom lens that provides reflex viewing, but will add bulk. Make sure it's the D-mount version. They also did them for 16mm cameras with C-mount screw. Some Bolex pocket-size cameras offer backwind and fading for special effects like in-camera dissolves. Highly versatile then, as well as giving beautiful images.... and currently very affordable.

However, 50 years is a long time for a movie camera. Even when new, Bolex recommended frequent oil checks. So many of the ones you see around today are probably crying out for a good service. This B8L for example. It looks in pretty good nick, you'd agree ? And the light meter flickers nicely, alive and well. But when I loaded up some old film it clearly doesn't like the faster filming speeds. (IMPORTANT ! ALL cine cameras: NEVER run at the very fast speeds without film loaded.) There are also signs of weaving in the gate when examined with a magnifier. In short, this Bolex needs a good overhaul if you intend using it. Enjoy delving into the innards of cameras ? Do it yourself perhaps... For how to oil a Bolex take a look at www.filmshooting.com/scripts/forum

So don't expect miracles from an elderly cine camera that's spent nearly all its life in a cupboard or attic. When cared for though, there is little reason to doubt these Swiss marvels could be in use for a long time yet. Like their watches.

Film Supply ?
Here are two UK suppliers of Standard 8mm Film.

PHOTOWORLD 7a Victoria Street, Craig-y-don, Llandudno LL30 1LQ (phone 01492 871818)

www.widescreen-centre.co.uk

You'll find them both helpful, and they offer processing too.

Remember Your First Movie Camera.... ?

Most of us can't remember our first experience of the magic of movies... But if you're a film-maker you'll very likely have vivid recollections of your own first movie creation. Your ecstatic grin as you saw those early images flickering onto the screen. And a short time before that life-changing experience, you'll no doubt have spent alot of time shopping for your first movie camera.

Mine was a neat little Bolex B8. Knowing nothing of cine cameras, my brother and I spent the whole afternoon in a small camera shop in Guildford, picking the brains of the amazingly patient shop assistant. (Not like today when they know next to nothing about cameras !) I had budgeted for £20 for both camera and projector, and was tempted by the magazine ads for cheap New equipment that was beginning to be imported to Britain... this was the early 1960s. But we were so impressed by the sheer quality of the secondhand Bolex for 21 guineas, that I spent all my pocket-money savings on it and managed to borrow the remainder from my brother. So no cinema-visits for a while !

Still no film to put into the camera, but my father luckily came to the rescue. Every shot was carefully planned... a family outing to the Isle of Wight I remember. Then the long wait for Agfa to do their bit. And I can still feel the excitement hearing that plop as the 8mm film landed on the door-mat. (Somehow video misses out on this one !) Then slowly unwinding the reel to see all those microscopic images for the first time. It was to be another long wait until I'd managed to borrow (I confess) more money for the projector...which one ? I'll tell you in another post...
I never regretted, though, the financial outlay on the camera.
And when the family saw my first film come alive in a darkened living room, I think we all had that grin across our faces.

The picture shows a Bolex B8L. This is similar in appearance to my first movie camera, but the B8 doesn't sport a variable shutter or light-meter... I remember I used to set the aperture from the instructions that came with the film. And I couldn't afford a posh Bolex pistol-grip like this, I eventually got a cheapo one from Boots.

Indian Rail Travel

Seeing some of Rob's India video footage has got me rummaging through those 35mm photos I took when I visited last. See my blog a few months back... in 'older posts' probably. One of the joys of travel through India is the Railways. The trains are great for photography. Open doors provide unhindered views, and you'll see and experience all of life onboard. But not so much if you travel in the air conditioned classes of course. Remember I was using my Olympus XA2 camera ? But I'd now run out of b/w film and so was onto the Indian Kodak colour stuff. So here's three of the photos going from Agra to Delhi... grainy eh ? Maybe caused by the heat during storage ? Atmospheric though. Does the photo of the elderly Indian gentleman remind you of anyone famous from last century ?

Mumbai film now in production

My son Rob went out to Mumbai in December, not long after the tragic events there. He took personal video footage with a Sony mini-DV camcorder, and he showed it to me this morning.... I was bowled over. To me it captures magnificently and simply, how India copes with such a trauma. He's editing the film now and it should be ready later this month. I'll let you know on this blog when it's released, and let you know the link. These three images are taken from the film.

AFGHANISTAN ? WRONG !

On one of my blogs you may have seen a photo (taken by my late brother Rex) of some people and camels passing a parked Land Rover. I had assumed it was in Afghanistan, however I am now informed by the driver of the said vehicle that this was not the case. It was in fact taken in the Bolan Pass in Baluchistan.... That is in Pakistan quite a long way south of the Afghan border. My apologies to everyone for this mistake.

Will Film Disappear ?

To many folks today, Film is practically dead. A quaint memory from the last century. Everybody it seems has done digital. When did you last see an advert for Film or film cameras ?
Yet film is still being used, albeit in much smaller quantities. How long then before Film disappears ?

Digital has certain advantages that have made it a runaway success, not least the speed in seeing your results. A great boon for press and wedding photographers, but not necessarily for all forms of photography. While you're looking at that tiny screen, which may not tell you everything about the picture, you could be missing your next shot. Anyway, a competent photographer surely knows if he or she has got the desired image, without having to peep.

That Film Look
Many serious photographers still prefer the look of film, in fact some digital photographers have gone back to it. One reason could be the enormous cost savings on used professional equipment. Another little-publicised reason is the fact that film technology has made big strides in recent years. Some new film emulsions are virtually grainless, well surpassing the resolution of digital photographs. Then there's that elusive 'film look' that is so hard to put into words.

History
All through the years, we have been persuaded to part with our cash to buy the latest photographic gear, regardless of whether we actually need it to take better photos. Look at the stunning quality images they turned out in Victorian times.... In the 1950s and early 60s many folks were working with medium format Rolleiflexes, then everyone was persuaded to buy 35mm SLRs, and the lower cost of film won the day. But did the photos get that much better ? Quality-wise they took a nose-dive. Because 35 mm was that much smaller, and therefore grainier. Fast-forwarding to today, the resolution of 35mm film now out-performs what we used to admire in medium format. Even a humble Zenith costing less than £10 can turn in stunning images.

But once again, the hype tells us to move on... not live in the past but embrace all things digital. Film is an out-dated medium. So, will Film disappear ? And how long has it got ?

The Movies
Sofar we've looked at 35mm stills. But remember, 35mm is really cine film. Apart from minor differences it's the same stuff they use for making Hollywood blockbusters. Kodak and Fuji have always sold far more film to the cinema film industry than to still photographers. Therefore, as long as features and TV commercials continue to use 35mm film, it will be available for still photography. And don't forget 16mm film, still very popular for TV dramas and documentaries. Steven Spielberg and many younger directors, are totally committed to film. Others are gradually moving over to digital filming as the quality improves. Digital Intermediates are used now on nearly all features, enabling special effects to be added more cheaply, prior to scanning back onto film. Unfortunately, a DI if done at too low a resolution makes the quality of the film suffer. And digital projection at 2K looks like another step in the wrong direction. It looks so much better projected on film. However, Film continues to be the top origination medium for movies.

Apart from ascetic reasons, why do film-makers go for old-fashioned chemical film ? A powerful reason is: it's future-proof. So many digital and video formats have come and gone. (Looks as if Super-8 will outlive old VHS that nearly killed it ! ) More video formats in the future will no doubt bite the dust, as we're persuaded to buy more and more to keep up. How many times in the next 50 years will video films have to be transferred to new formats ? But the basically simple technology of film remains almost unchanged, because it doesn't have to change. It's proved itself for more than a century, getting on for two I suppose, for still images. Those stunning Victorian plates, remember ?

Where's the Guarantee ?
Digital photography has a bit of a question-mark over it simply because it's so young. An archivist told me recently that he photographs important documents on old-fashioned slide film. Digital is still too risky, he says, for long-term storage. We know that the colours of Kodachrome, properly stored, last maybe a century or more. Kodak have stopped making Kodachrome unfortunately. But they reckon that their latest Ektachrome films will not fade for at least 80 years.

Film-makers, having spent so much effort on a production, are similarly anxious about their film's long term survival. With black and white there is little problem because we now know that the film will last for perhaps 5 centuries or more as long as it has been archivally processed and stored. Digital sound-tracks can also be safely preserved in this way, optically on film. But is there a way that colour films can be protected down the centuries ? Yes... It's expensive, but worth doing on the classic movies. Using high resolution black and white film, you make 3 'separation positives' from the original colour negative. Separate magenta, cyan and yellow filters are employed. From these 3 black and white archival masters, you can print off a new full-colour intermediate... anytime in the next 500 years. Simple ! Does digital offer this lengthy guarantee ?

Survival
Back to basics though. Will Film get through the economic slump ? However good a product.... if people fail to buy it, through lack of advertising by Kodak's financial people, or for any other reason, it's unlikely to survive. In normal times, how long such a film product holds on does vary alot. With Super-8 Kodachrome they pulled the plug as soon as sales dropped to 100,000 films a year. Fuji already had a much smaller share of the movie market with their excellent Single-8 films. They followed suit. However, in Japan there was uproar from artists and film-makers, and true to Japanese honour, Fuji was persuaded to carry on. Strangely, when things get really bad, smaller firms step in. 9.5mm movie film died officially many years ago, yet a handful of enthusiasts carry on buying films, now with the modern Fuji emulsions. You can even buy a black and white roll of 127 film for your Kodak Brownie !

Over the years we've seen some of the more exotic film emulsions disappear. Remember Scotch 1000, the slide film with the golf-ball grains ? At the other end of the scale, Ektachrome Duplicating Film (daylight variety) that gave amazingly subtle results where its 8asa speed allowed. I hope Kodak and the other manufacturers keep having a good variety of film types, ignoring the pressure to axe the slower sellers. Choice is so important in creating the image you are after. And it's surely better to see the light doing its work on the film, without having to resort to computer effects later. So if you like the effect of a particular kind of film, use it as much as possible, and tell other photographers how good it is. Use it or lose it.... And remember, in real terms the cost of film has never been lower. In the 1960s, a roll of 35mm Kodachrome cost as much as filling your car up.

What of the general situation then.... Is the game up ? I have a feeling ( I don't think it's wishful thinking) that Film is just that bit too special to disappear from our world. Commonsense surely dictates that both Film and Digital images have their rightful place in the 21st century.

How to Dry Your Movie Film

Many people who process their own cine film find the actual drying the trickiest part. How to avoid marking the film.... and get nice, clean professional-looking results ?

Get a plastic-covered board about 2 metres long and screw on eyelets at regular intervals. Make a number of S-hooks out of wire, to support the film by its perforations. It's a good idea to use a file to taper one end to a point to make it easy and quick to hook on the film.

The board is hung or supported near the ceiling of a relatively dust-free room. Maybe use hooks to do this. A large plastic sheet about 4.5 metres long is taped to the back edge of the board. The other end is attached to a piece of doweling. Fit two suitably sized hooks to the front edge of the board, to hang the dowel.





You will also need a length of card about the same width as the board. Also a good quality sponge: simply cut a slit into it with scissors. Oh, and some clothes pegs.

After processing and thoroughly washing your film, give it a final rinse in distilled water, to remove any chalky deposits if you live in a hard water area. Then add a few drops of wetting agent and give the processing spiral a final swish. Rinse the sponge and squeeze almost dry. Take the spiral out of the developing tank, and attach the end of the film to the first S-hook. As the spiral is turned the film should unwind easily. This is always an exciting moment as you see the frames of film for the first time, but try and resist too long a look as there are specks of dust homing in ! Work quite fast but with great care. Have a clean chair handy to place the spiral on (unless you have three hands). Now with about 2 metres of film unwound, turn your attention to the sponging. Hold the film near the top by its edges, attach the sponge by its slit, then pull gently along it. Unwind another 2 metres of film and place the spiral on top of the board, while you sponge that length. Then very carefully attach the film by a perforation onto the next S-hook. Then onto another nearby hook so as to keep the loops apart and hanging nicely.

Carry on like this until the whole film is unwound and hanging in long loops nearly to the floor. Depending on the length of film you may have to double back with more hooks along the board. Always ensure that the sponge is wrung out and scrupulously clean, then it will never scratch the soft film.

Finally, unroll the plastic sheeting from behind the loops of film, and near the floor place the length of card onto it. This weighs down the sheet and ensures it doesn't touch the film. Unroll the rest of the sheet and hang up the dowel. Peg the sides of the sheet together but allow considerable gaps for air to pass through. You now have a virtually dust-free container. Leave the film in it for maybe 12 hours, as you want it bone dry before it's wound onto a spool to project. Hopefully, you'll find your film in pristine condition, without any dirt or marks. If you still see the odd chalky mark, which doesn't harm the film incidentally, it can be removed with a soft cloth.

The key to decent results is absolute cleanliness. If you can't find a room without dust, try commandeering the bathroom, in fact the bath might be a good place to hang the film and easy to cover.
And, for those who haven't yet tried home-developing, it's a fantastic feeling to project the film knowing you've done it ALL yourself. !

Bolex Survives Afghan Waterfall

I will never forget an incident that happened to me in Afghanistan, way back in 1969 when the King was still in power....

In the central hills there is a series of stunning blue lakes, and the minerals in the water have created a dam, called Band-i-Amir. The water cascades over. This must be one of the relatively unknown wonders of the natural world.

At the top of one of the waterfalls I was about to set up my trusty Bolex H-16RX, with a Som Berthiot zoom lens fitted with anamorphic, in an attempt to take in the breathtaking view. It was slippery...
Before I could get the camera onto the tripod, I stumbled, and the camera somehow escaped my grasp... and joined the waterfall. I couldn't see it, and I scrambled down the 30 feet or so, then jumped into the pool below. My frantic efforts darting around to locate the object made two local chaps laugh uncontrollably !

I wasn't so amused. When I fished it out, it was obvious that the water had got everywhere, into the mechanism and between the lens elements. The RX Fader, bashing against the rocks, was twisted into a strange shape, though the body and lenses didn't look bad. I returned to the Land Rover and shut myself into the dark, hot trailer to try and save the film. Luckily, not too much water was between the leaves of film, and it dried quickly in the Afghan atmosphere. But the sodden camera was going to be a job for Messrs. Bolex.

After my return to UK, I sent the camera to them and it arrived back a few weeks later. Incredibly, those perfectionists had made everything look like new. And Kodak as usual did a great job with the film, and all my movie material was fine. (No, the camera wasn't running as it went down, unfortunately !) That Bolex certainly was a sturdy beast. And it joined me on many more outings... including back to Afghanistan a year later !
Some of the footage I shot at Band-i-Amir went into my 16mm documentary The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan.
I see there are some more pics of this place which maybe show the natural dam better, at www.greatgametravel.com

I took these Kodachrome slides with a Kodak Retinette that I was given as a boy. They say this lake could be 1000 feet deep. The water is amazingly clear.

This landscape reminds me of Planet of the Apes ! Talking of feature films, do you remember The Horsemen with Omar Sharif and Jack Palance ? Some of it was filmed around here.

Very few people live in the area, at least when I was there in 69 / 70.

This photo shows one of the Land Rovers driven by life-long friend Martin, somewhere in Afghanistan, I can't remember exactly where. It was taken by my brother Rex... with a 35mm Contarex, that huge SLR with interchangeable backs, if I remember rightly... I wonder what was to happen to this proud and independent Afghan family in less peaceful times....

To India with an Olympus XA2

On a recent trip to South India I thought I'd travel really light, so took the little Olympus XA2 35mm camera.
I found it great for all sorts of subjects. Here's just a few...
It was nice not having to worry about which lens to use, and the exposure system performed very well. I used mainly Ilford FP4, and when I'd run out of film (India is that sort of place !) I bought some Indian Kodak colour neg. film, and continued with that.
I like the XA2 as it's so quiet and unobtrusive. However, as streets in India can be rather noisy (understatement of the year) I often wasn't sure if the shutter had fired !
The Zuiko 35mm lens is really good performer, and I found I could enlarge the pictures alot.

Telecine Without Tears - Film to video the cardboard way

TELECINE WITHOUT TEARS

Film to Video the Cardboard Way

Putting cine movie-film onto video/DVD can cost quite a lot if it's done professionally. And unless you use a reputable lab, results can vary, together with a risk of losing or damaging your film.

It's relatively easy to do your own telecine transfers. And the quality can be impressive. Here's how.

What you need

A camcorder, a movie projector that has constantly variable speeds, and a piece of good quality cardboard ! A lot cheaper than a telecine translucent screen and probably better, without grain or hot-spot problems.

Getting the Speed right

You can use a projector with non-variable speeds, but the chances are you'll notice fluctuations of the light in the video image. Still there's nothing to lose in giving it a try, and your projector just might have more-or-less the right speed regardless of what it says ! However, it's best to be able to vary the projection speed if you want to be sure of constant image density. The speed should be very near 16.66 frames per second, or 25 frames per second. This is if you have 50 cycle mains electricity. In the USA it's 60 cycles, so the speed needs to be 15, 20 or 24 f.p.s.

So first you have to decide what speed the film was taken at. Silent films are normally shot at 16 or 18 f.p.s. Sound films could have been shot at any speed: 16, 18, 24 or 25. If you are unsure, just project the film and see if the folks move around normally. In practice, it doesn't really look wrong if the film was shot at say 18 f.p.s. and you project at 16.66 f.p.s. And 24 looks exactly the same as 25. How it sounds is a different matter, but more of that later. Choose your transfer speed nearest to the original filming speed.

Improving the Image

It obviously makes sense to start off with the best quality image. Rather than projecting a big image on a screen, find a piece of good white card a few inches across, certainly no more than a foot, and focus the projector on that. If your film material is rather contrasty, try using a cream-coloured card. Another way to reduce contrast is to introduce into the room a bit of ambient light.

The projector should give a very evenly-lit image. Normally, your eyes adjust to a film image that is perhaps bright in the middle but tailing off towards the edges. But the camera's eye sees what it sees, and consequently the image will look odd. The earlier projectors with conventional tungsten lighting and condenser lenses, often give more even lighting than halogen projectors without condensers. If your projector gives uneven lighting, try putting a grey water-colour wash onto the centre of the card, softening off towards the edges. Or, in front of the camcorder or projector use a piece of optical glass or filter that has been darkened in the centre.

The projector zoom-lens should be set at a long focal length. Alternatively, use a fixed focal length lens. If you are projecting 8mm, try using a 16mm projector lens of say 35mm or even 50mm focal length. Now.... as you are showing a small image you have light to spare.... Make a black card or paper “washer” that fits neatly into the end of the projector lens barrel. It should be right up against the front lens element. Don't make the hole in the washer too small, but enough to effectively close down your lens by a couple of f-stops. This will give a quantum leap in definition ! Why ? Because it's like a camera-lens.... the sharpness improves when the outer parts of the lens are not in use. All lenses work better when stopped down. On a normal size of screen it would give a rather dim image, of course, but it's bright enough on our cardboard screen.

The Transfer

So now, hopefully, we have a nice sharp evenly-lit image that shows the cine film at its best. Before the transfer, it's a good idea to thoroughly clean the film with special film-cleaner if it needs it, or at least remove dust with a soft cloth.

Firmly set up the camcorder somewhere near the centre-line of the projector, perhaps behind or just above it. If above, beware of ripples of heat from the lamp-house ! The lens on the camera will be at a long focal length setting, so that the projected image fills the viewfinder. Manually focus on some news-print held against the card, and keep this focus setting for the actual transfer. Key-stoning of the image shouldn't be a problem as you are situated well back from the small screen. When you are satisfied that framing and focus are perfect, turn off the lights and begin the transfer. Ideally the camcorder's exposure should be set manually to one aperture for the whole film.

Examine your results on a fairly large video screen. If you still see density fluctuations, fine-tune the projector speed and try again. With care you'll end up with a good, sharp telecine, that looks professional.

Sound

If the film carries a sound track, you can connect the sound projector to the camcorder and record in sync. How you do this in order to get a good track on video is outside the scope of this blog. However, coming back to the projector running speeds.....Whereas our eyes are easily fooled by a slightly wrong speed, our ears usually are not ! A sound track recorded at 18 f.p.s. for example, will most likely sound wrong at 16.66 f.p.s. So it may be best to transfer the sound independently to the computer, then lay the track onto the video, making sync adjustments as necessary. Maybe others would like to comment....